Steve Andreas
Trainer and Consultant, Boulder CO
© 1999 Sage Publications, Inc.
Changing the point of view from which a memory is viewed has a profound impact on a person’s understanding and emotional response to the content of the image. A variety of specific ways of changing visual perspective are presented, including the important distinction between associated images (seeing out of your own eyes) and dissociated images (seeing from an outside point of view). The therapeutic usefulness of these understandings in the treatment of phobias and couple and family problems is indicated.
The beginnings of individual psychotherapy approximately 100 years ago marked a significant change in perspective. Nourished by advances in neurological science, psychosis began to be seen not as demonic possession but as a disorder of the nervous system. Although at first the focus was on organic explanations, gradually people began to realize that an intact brain could still show difficulties based on trauma and on other inappropriate learnings. The beginnings of family therapy broadened this perspective to include the behavior and interactions of other family members, so that individual difficulties were seen within the broader social context. Observing disturbed individuals in the family context can often clarify the interactional dynamics that lead a family member to display symptoms, can clarify how an apparently dysfunctional individual can perform a very useful function in maintaining family stability, and so forth.
However, this broader perspective that family therapy offers does not require that the family members be seen together in the same room. Although the family dynamics are most easily observed when the family is all together, treatment is often much easier if family members are seen separately. Milton Erickson was doing phenomenal family therapy long before the term was invented, and he provided the basis for Jay Haley’s strategic family therapy; Erickson more often saw individual members of couples and families separately, as amply described by Haley (1973, 1985).
Because each family member holds an internal image or representation of other family members, it is possible to do good family therapy without ever seeing other family members — as is often necessary when the other family members are dead or absent. Although Virginia Satir (1989), one of the finest family therapists who ever lived, usually worked with the family together, she paid particular attention to the internal images that each person held of other family members. Often, she worked with individuals, using total strangers to role-play family members, finding them just as useful as the actual family members would have been.
To sum up, family therapy is distinguished by this broader perspective and not by how many family members are in the room. A family therapist is obliged to realize that even if the work appears to be focused on an individual, the changes made will reverberate throughout the larger family context. With this in mind, any individual intervention can be a useful part of a family therapist’s skills.
SEEING YOURSELF
More than 200 years ago, Robert Burns wrote the following (in Scots dialect):
Oh wad some pow’r the giftie gie us,
To see oursels as others see us!
It wad frae mony a blunder free us,
And foolish notion.
— Robert Burns (1759-1796)
The arguments that often tear couples and families apart are occasionally the result of disagreeing about events that everyone involved perceives and understands clearly. However, usually we do not understand another person’s experience well enough to know whether we disagree. One aspect of this is that many people literally have no idea of how they appear and sound to other people. Because of this, others’ responses are often a mystery to them and a convenient starting point for blaming and further misunderstanding. The remainder of this article is an adaption of an edited transcript of a seminar taught by Richard Bandler (1985), in which the ability to change the point of view in an interaction is taught and explored.
People often say “You’re not looking at it from my point of view,” and sometimes they are literally correct. I’d like you to think of some argument you had with someone in which you were certain that you were right. First, just run a movie of that event the way you remember it. To gain the most from this, stop reading, close your eyes, and actually follow the preceding instructions whenever you find three dots indicating a pause (…).
Now I want you to run a movie of exactly the same event, but from the point of view of looking over that other person’s shoulder, so that you can see and hear yourself as that argument takes place. Go through exactly the same movie from beginning to end, watching the same events from this different viewpoint…
Did that make any difference? It may not change much for some of you, especially if you already do it naturally. But for some of you, it can make a huge difference. Are you still sure you were right?
Man: As soon as I saw my face and heard my tone of voice, I thought, “Who’d pay any attention to what that turkey is saying!”
Woman: When I was on the receiving end of what I’d said, I noticed a lot of flaws in my arguments. I noticed when I was just running on adrenaline and wasn’t making any sense at all. I’m going to go back and apologize to that person.
Man: As I listened to myself, I kept thinking, “Can’t you say it some other way, so that you can get your point across?”
Woman: I really heard the other person for the first time, and what she said actually made sense.
How many of you are as certain about being right in that situation as you were before trying this different point of view? About 3 out of 60. So much for your chances of being right when you’re certain you are — about 5%.
Changing the point of view in this way uses a purely process variable to change the perspective so as to find out how you appear to someone else. The content shifts in understandings that emerge as a result of these process changes are completely the client’s own unbiased by the therapist’s views.
OTHER POINTS OF VIEW
People have been talking about points of view for centuries. However, they have always thought of it as being metaphorical rather than literal, and they didn’t know how to give someone specific instructions to change his point of view. What you just did is only one possibility out of thousands. Your mind can literally view something from any point in space. You can see that same argument from the side as a neutral observer, so that you can see yourself and that other person equally well. This is particularly useful for noticing how your own behavior stimulates responses in others — both wanted and unwanted. You can view it from somewhere on the ceiling to get “above it all,” or from a point on the floor for a worm’s-eye view. You can even take the point of view of a very small child or of a very old person. That’s getting a little more metaphorical and less specific, but if it changes your experience in a useful way, you can’t argue with it.
When something bad happens, some people say, “Well, in a hundred years, who’ll know the difference?” For some of you, hearing this doesn’t have an impact. You may just think, “He doesn’t understand” or even get angry. But when some people say it or hear it, it actually changes their experience in a way that helps them cope with difficulties. So of course, I asked some of them what they did inside their minds as they said that sentence. One guy looked down at the solar system from a point out in space, watching the planets spin around in their orbits. From that point of view, he could barely see himself and his problems as a tiny speck on the surface of the earth. Other people’s images are often somewhat different, but they are typically similar in that they see their problems as a very small part of the picture and at a great distance, and time is speeded up — a hundred years compressed into a brief movie.
There is another fascinating phrase that has always stuck in my mind. When you’re going through something unpleasant, people will often say, “Later, when you look back at this, you’ll be able to laugh.” How many people in here have a memory of an event that was unpleasant at the time, but now you can look back on it and laugh? And do you all have an unpleasant memory that you can’t laugh at yet? There must be something that you do in your mind in the meantime that makes an unpleasant experience funny later. I want you to compare those two memories to find out how they’re different in terms of visual submodalities — the smaller process elements that make up a visual mental experience. Do you see yourself in one and not in the other? Is one a slide and one a movie? Is there a difference in color, size, brightness, or location? Find out what’s different, and then try changing the process variables of that unpleasant picture to make it like the one that you can already laugh at. If the one that you can laugh at is far away, make the other one far away too. If you see yourself in the one you laugh at, see yourself in the experience that is still unpleasant. Go ahead.
Man: I see myself in the memory I can laugh about; I’m an observer. But I feel stuck inside the memory I still feel bad about, just like it’s happening again.
That’s a common response. Is that true for many of the rest of you? Being able to observe yourself gives you a chance to “review” an event “from a different perspective” and see it in a new way, as if it’s happening to someone else. When you can do that, you typically have a lot less intense feelings about it, so you can think about it with humor. The best kind of humor involves looking at yourself in a new way. The only thing that prevents you from doing that with an event right away is not realizing that you can do it. When you get good at it, you can even do it while the event is actually happening. My philosophy is: Why wait to feel better? Why not look back and laugh while you’re going through it in the first place? If you go through something unpleasant, you would think that once is more than enough. But oh no, your brain doesn’t think that. It says, “Oh, you fouled up. I’ll torture you for 3 or 4 years. Then maybe I’1l 1et you laugh.”
Woman: What I do is different, but it works really well. I focus in like a microscope until all I can see is a small part of the event magnified, filling the whole screen. In this case, all I could see was these enormous lips pulsating and jiggling and flopping as he talked. It was so grotesque, I cracked up.
That’s certainly a different point of view. And it’s also something that you could easily try out at the time that the unpleasant experience is actually happening.
Woman: I’ve done that. I’ll be all stuck in some horrible situation and then I’ll zoom in on something and then laugh at how weird it is.
All around the world people are doing these great things inside their brains, and they really work. Not only that; they’re even announcing what they’re doing. If you take the time to ask them a few questions, you can discover all sorts of things you can do with your brain.
STEPPING IN AND OUT OF A MEMORY
Now I want you all to think of two memories from your past: one pleasant and one unpleasant. Take a moment or two to re-experience those two memories in whatever way you naturally do….
Next, I want you to notice whether you were associated or dissociated in each of those memories, and I have a very specific and limited meaning for those two words that may be quite different from what you learned in graduate school.
Associated means going back and reliving the experience, seeing it from your own eyes. You see exactly what you saw when you were actually there. You may see your hands moving in front of you, but you can’t see your face unless you’re looking in a mirror.
Dissociated means looking at the memory image from any point of view other than from your own eyes. You might see it as if you were looking down from an airplane, or you might see it as if you were someone else watching a TV movie of yourself in that situation, and so forth.
Now go back to each of those two memories, in turn, and find out whether you are associated or dissociated in each one….
Now, whichever way you recalled those two memories naturally, I want you to go back and try experiencing each of them the other way, in order to discover how this changes your experience. If you were associated in a memory, step back out of your body and see that event dissociated, as if you were watching a movie on a TV. If you were dissociated, step forward into the picture, or pull it around you, until you are associated into it. Notice how this change in visual perspective changes your feeling experience of those memories….
Does that make a difference? You bet it does. Is there anyone here who didn’t notice a difference?
Man: I don’t notice much difference.
OK. Try the following. Feel yourself sitting on a park bench at a carnival and see yourself far away in the front seat of a roller coaster. See your hair blowing in the wind as the roller coaster starts down that first big slope….
Now compare that with what you experience when you feel yourself actually sitting in the front seat, gripping the front bar of the roller coaster, high in the air, actually looking down that slope….
Are those two different? Check your pulse if you don’t get more of a zing out of being in the roller coaster looking down the tracks. It’s cheaper and faster than coffee, too, for becoming alert.
Woman: In one of my memories, it seems like I’m both in it and out of it.
OK. There are two major possibilities. One is that you are switching back and forth quickly. If that’s the case, just notice how it’s different as you switch. You might have to slow down the switching a little in order to notice the difference well.
The other possibility is that you were dissociated in the original experience. For instance, being self-critical usually presupposes a point of view other than your own. It’s as if you’re outside of yourself, observing and being critical of yourself. If that’s the case, when you recall the experience and “see what you saw at the time” you’l1 a1so be dissociated, so you won’t notice much difference. Does either of those descriptions fit your experience?
Woman: They both do. At the time I was being self-critical, and I think I was flipping back and forth between observing myself and feeling criticized.
There is even a third possibility, but it’s pretty rare. Some people create a dissociated picture of themselves while they are associated in the original experience. One guy had a full-length mirror that he carried around with him in his mind all the time. So if he walked into a room, he could simultaneously see himself walking into the room in his mirror. Another guy had a little mental TV monitor he’d put on a shelf or a wall nearby, so he could always see how he looked to other people. That’s quite useful if you’re an actor, or in some other job such as sales, where you want to be able to monitor your appearance.
When you recall a memory associated, you re-experience the original feeling response that you had at the time. When you recall a memory dissociated, you can see yourself having those original feelings in the picture, but without feeling them in your body.
You may, however, have a new feeling about the event as you watch yourself in it. This is what happened when Virginia Satir [1991] used to ask a question like, “How do you feel about feeling angry?” Try it. Recall a time when you were angry, and then ask that question, “How do I feel about feeling angry?”….
In order to answer that question, you have to pop out of the event and have a new feeling about the event as an observer rather than as a participant. It’s a very effective way to change a client’s response. Virginia often used to ask this question repeatedly until a family member arrived at a response that was more useful for communication and understanding than righteous and explosive anger, for instance.
“How do you feel about feeling angry?”
“I feel disappointed and sad.”
“How do you feel about feeling disappointed and sad?”
“I feel shaky and uncertain.”
“Now I wonder if you’d be willing to tell your wife how you’re really feeling in this situation that made you angry.”
The ideal situation is to recall all your pleasant memories associated, so that you can easily enjoy all the positive feelings that go with them. When you are dissociated from your unpleasant memories, you still have all the visual and auditory information about what you may want to avoid or deal with in the future, but without the unpleasant feeling response that so many people get stuck in. Why feel bad again? Wasn’t it more than enough to feel bad once?
Many people do the reverse: They associate with, and immediately feel, all the unpleasantness that ever occurred to them, but their pleasant experiences are only dim, distant, dissociated images. That’s a great way to get depressed. And of course, there are two other possibilities.
Some people tend to always dissociate. These are the scientist/engineer types who are often described as “objective,” “detached,” or “distant.” You can teach them how to associate when they want to, and regain some feeling connection with their experience. You can probably think of some times when this would be a real advantage for them. Making love is one of the things that’s a lot more enjoyable if you’re in your body feeling all those sensations, rather than watching yourself from the outside.
Others tend to always associate: They immediately have all the feelings of any past experience, good or bad. These are the people who are often described as “theatrical,” “responsive,” or “impulsive.” Their lives are like a roller coaster, with big ups and downs. Many of the problems they have can be resolved by teaching them to dissociate at appropriate times. Dissociation can be used for pain control, for example. If you watch yourself have pain, you’re not in your body to feel it.
You can do yourself a real favor by taking a little time to run through several of your unpleasant memories dissociated. Find out how far you need to move the pictures away from you so that you can still see them clearly enough to learn from them, while you watch and listen in comfort….
Then run through a series of pleasant experiences, taking time to associate with each one and fully enjoy it….
What you are teaching your brain to do is associate with pleasant memories and dissociate from unpleasant ones. Pretty soon your brain will get the idea and do this automatically with all your other memories. Probably a few of you already do this naturally, so it won’t seem different.
Teaching someone how, and when, to associate or dissociate is one of the most profound and pervasive ways to change the quality of a person’s experience and the behavior that results from it. Probably every therapy session should start out with some variation of it.
There is a nice adaptation of dissociation for couples who are likely to quickly escalate arguments into yelling and violence. You can have them sit next to each other, looking in the same direction, and see themselves at a distance and then describe their present interaction in the third person: “He’s looking down, feeling really hopeless and depressed, while she keeps talking to him as if she doesn’t notice.” Since all the feelings occur “over there,” any responses that could otherwise lead to escalation will also occur “over there,” and they can simply describe them calmly.
Whenever the couple shifts to more positive, warm, loving feelings, you can move their chairs to face each other and ask them to speak directly to each other so they can associate fully into that experience. Associating into all your pleasant memories with someone, and dissociating from the unpleasant ones, works really well for falling in love. If you don’t think about the unpleasant experiences at all, you can even use this method to fall in love with someone who does lots of things you don’t like. Many people fall in love this way and then get married. Once married, they often turn this process around so that they associate with all the unpleasant experiences and dissociate from the pleasant ones. Now you respond only to the unpleasant things, and you wonder why “they’ve changed!” They didn’t change, your thinking did.
USING DISSOCIATION TO ELIMINATE A PHOBIA
Dissociation is particularly useful for intensely unpleasant memories. Does anybody here have a phobia? I love phobias, but they’re so easy to fix that we’re running out of them. Look at that. The only people in here with phobias must have phobias of raising their hands in an audience.
Joan: I have one.
Do you have a real, flaming phobia?
Joan: Well, it’s pretty bad. (She starts breathing rapidly and shaking.)
I can see that.
Joan: Do you want to know what it’s about?
No, I don’t. I’m a mathematician. I work purely with process. I can’t know your inside experience anyway, so why talk about it? You don’t have to talk about your inside experience to change it. In fact, if you talk about it, your therapist may end up being a professional companion. You know what you’re phobic of. Is it something you see, or hear, or feel?
Joan: It’s something I see.
OK. I’m going to ask you to do a few things that you can do in your mind really quickly, so that your phobia won’t bother you at all, ever again. I’ll give you the directions one part at a time, and then I want you to close your eyes to go inside and do it. Just nod when you’re done. The rest of you can just pick an unpleasant memory and follow along.
First, I want you to imagine that you’re sitting in the middle of a movie theater, and up on the screen you can see a black-and-white snapshot in which you see yourself in a situation just before you had the phobic response…. (Joan nods).
Then, I want you to float out of your body up to the projection booth of the theater, or to a seat in the back row, where you can watch yourself watching yourself. From that position, you’ll be able to see yourself sitting in the middle of the theater and also see yourself in the still picture up on the screen…. (Joan nods.)
Now I want you to make that snapshot up on the screen into a black-and-white movie, and watch it from the beginning to beyond the end of that unpleasant experience. When you get to the end, I want you to stop it as a slide, and then jump inside the picture and run the movie backwards quickly. All the people will walk backwards and everything else will hap- pen in reverse, just like rewinding a movie, except you will be inside the movie. Run it backwards in color and take only about one or two seconds to do it…. (Joan nods.)
Now think about what it is you were phobic of. See what you would see if you were actually there….
Joan: It doesn’t bother me now, but I’m afraid it may not work the next time I’m really there.
Can you find a real one around here so you could test it?
Joan: Yes, it’s of elevators.
Great. Let’s take a quick break. Go try it, and report back after the break. Those of you who are skeptical, go along and watch her, and ask her questions afterward, if you want. (Short break.)
OK. How was it, Joan?
Joan: It’s fine. You know, I’d never really seen the inside of an elevator before. This morning I couldn’t even step into it, because I was too terrified, but just now I rode up and down several times.
That’s a typical report. I almost got nervous one time, though. I was teaching in the Peachtree Plaza in Atlanta, which has a 70-story outdoor elevator. So I just had to find an elevator phobic. I cured this lady and sent her out of the seminar to test it. After about a half hour I started thinking, “Oh oh, maybe she got up there and can’t get down.” When she came rolling in about 15 minutes later, I asked her where she’d been. “Oh I was just riding up and down. It was really fun.”
Once an accountant came to me with a phobia of public speaking that he’d been trying to get rid of for 16 years. One of the first things he told me was that he had a total investment of over $70,000 in trying to cure his phobia. I asked him how he knew this, and he pulled out his therapy briefcase with all the cancelled checks in it. I said, “What about your time?” His eyes widened and he said, “I didn’t figure that in!” He got paid about the same rate as a psychiatrist, so he had actually invested about $140,000 trying to change something that took me 10 minutes to change.
If you can be terrified of an elevator and then learn to respond differently, it seems like you should be able to change any pattern of behavior, because terror’s a pretty strong behavior. Fear is an interesting thing. People move away from it. If you tell someone to look at something she’s terrified of, she can’t look at it. However, if you tell her to see herself looking at it, she’s still looking at it, but for some reason she can do it that way. It’s the same as the difference between sitting in the front seat of a roller coaster and sitting on a bench seeing yourself in a roller coaster. That is enough for people to be able to change their responses. You can use the same procedure with the phobic responses of victims of rape, child abuse, and war experiences: “post-traumatic stress syndrome,” as described in Bandler (1985) and C. Andreas and S. Andreas (1989, ch. 7 & 17) and demonstrated in S. Andreas (1985).
Years ago, it took me an hour to work with a phobia. Then when we learned more about how a phobia works, we announced the 10-minute phobia cure — more than 15 years ago! Now I’ve got it down to a few minutes. Most people have a hard time believing that we can cure a phobia that fast, which is really funny, because I can’t do it slowly. I can cure a phobia in 2 minutes, but I can’t do it in a month, because the brain doesn’t work that way. The brain learns by having patterns go by rapidly. Imagine if I gave you one frame of a movie every day for 5 years. Would you get the plot? Of course not. You only get the meaning of the movie if all those pictures go by really fast. Trying to change slowly is like having a conversation one word a day.
Man: How about practice, then? When you create a change once, like with Joan, does she have to practice?
No. She’s already changed, and she won’t have to practice, or think about it consciously. If change work is hard or takes much practice, then you’re going about it in a primitive way, and you need to improve what you’re doing. When you find a path without resistance, you’re combining resources, and doing it once is plenty. When Joan went into the elevator during the break, she didn’t have to try not to be terrified. She was already changed, even though she wasn’t convinced of it. That new response will last as well as the original terror.
One of the nice things about someone with a phobia is that she’s already proved that she’s a rapid learner. Phobias are people who can learn something utterly ridiculous very quickly. Most people tend to look at a phobia as a problem rather than as an achievement. They never stop to think, “If she can learn to do that, then she should be able to learn to do anything.”
It always amazed me that someone could learn to be terrified so quickly, and consistently, and dependably. Years ago I thought, “That’s the kind of change I want to be able to make.” That led me to wonder, “How could I give someone a phobia?” I figured that if I couldn’t give someone a phobia, I cou1dn’t be really methodical about taking it away.
If you accept the idea that phobias can only be bad, that possibility would never occur to you. You can make pleasant responses just as strong and dependable as phobias. There are things that people see and light up with happiness every single time — newborns or very small children will do it for nearly everyone.
Woman: Are there any other ways to do phobias? I’m scared silly of dogs.
There are always other ways to do things; it’s a matter of “Do we know about them yet?” “Are they as dependable?” “How long do they take?” “What else will they affect?” and so on.
Try this: Go back and recall a memory of something exquisitely pleasurable, exciting, and humorous from your past, and see what you saw at the time that it occurred. Can you find a memory like that? (She starts to smile.) That’s good. Turn the brightness up a little bit…. (She smiles more). That’s fine. Now keep that picture and have a dog come right through the middle of that picture and then become a part of that picture. As it does that, I want you to make the picture a little bit brighter….
Now imagine being in the same room with a dog, to see if you’re still scared….
Woman: I feel fine when I think of it now.
That procedure is a variation of another method called “the swish pattern,” described in Bandler (1985) and C. Andreas and S. Andreas (1987, 1989) and demonstrated in Andreas (1986). It’s not quite as dependable as dissociation for very strong phobias, but it will usually work. I’ve done a lot of phobias, so I’m bored with them, and I usually just do the fastest and most dependable thing I know. Now that you know it, you can do it, too. But if you really want to understand how brains work, the next time you have a phobic client, take a little longer. Ask a lot of questions to find out how that particular phobia works. For instance, sometimes a phobic person will make the picture of the dog, or whatever it is, very large, or bright, or colorful, or run a movie very slowly, or over and over again, in a never-ending loop. Sometimes they make themselves very small. Then you can try changing different elements in their experience to find out how you can change this particular person’s response in a useful way. When you get tired of that, you can always pull the quick cure out of your hip pocket and cure her in 5 minutes. If you do that kind of experimenting, you’ll start learning how to generate NLP, and you won’t have to pay to come to seminars any more.
INAPPROPRIATE DISSOCIATION
I want to warn you about something, however: The phobia cure takes away feelings, and it will work for pleasant memories, too. If you use the same procedure on all your loving memories of being with someone, you can make that person into just as neutral an experience as an elevator! Couples often do this naturally when they get divorced. You can look at that person you once loved passionately, and have no pleasant feelings about her whatsoever. When you recall all the nice things that happened, you’ll be watching yourself have fun, but all your nice feelings will be gone. If you do this when you’re still married, you’re really in trouble.
It’s one thing to review all the experiences you have had with someone — pleasant and unpleasant — and decide that you want to end the relationship and move on. But if you dissociate from all the good times you had with that person, you’ll be throwing away a very nourishing set of experiences. Even if you can’t stand to be with her now, because you’ve changed or she’s changed, you may as well treasure your pleasant memories, and use them to support your living.
Some people go on to dissociate from all the pleasant experiences they’re having now, “so they won’t be hurt again later.” If you do that, you won’t be able to enjoy your own life even when it’s nice. It will always be like watching someone else having fun, but you never get to play. If you do that with all your experiences, you’ll become an existentialist — the ultimate totally uninvolved and detached observer.
Some people see a technique work and decide to try it with everything. Just because a hammer works really well for nails doesn’t mean everything needs to be pounded. The phobia procedure is effective in neutralizing strong feeling responses — positive or negative — so be very careful what you use it for.
Someone experiencing a phobia associates into an unpleasant memory. Grief is the exact inverse of this. Someone who is grieving is dissociating from a pleasant memory. Since their feelings are missing, they feel an “emptiness” rather than the positive fullness that they experienced with the lost person. The way to work with grief is to ask the client to re-associate into the positive memory so that it serves them as a powerful resource, even though the actual person is gone (C. Andreas and S. Andreas, 1989, ch. 11).
SUMMARY
This is only a brief introduction to changing points of view and how to use association and dissociation to change how someone responds to events. The ability to dissociate and take another point of view is one of the things that makes us human and able to enter into the experience of another human being. Chimpanzees and other higher primates show only the rudiments of this ability. Without it, other people are simply objects to be manipulated, and any kind of true relationship or loving family life is impossible. Yet, as with to any other skill, it can also be misused or abused. A full understanding of the crucial importance of association and dissociation should be part of every therapist’s training.
REFERENCES
Andreas, S. (1985). The fast phobia cure [Videotape]. Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Andreas, S. (1986). The swish pattern [Videotape]. Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Andreas, S. (1991). Virginia Satir: The patterns of her magic. Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Andreas, C., & Andreas, S. (1987). Change your mind and keep the change (ch. 3) Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Andreas, C., & Andreas, S. (1989). Heart of the mind. Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Bandler, R. (1985). Using your brain — for a CHANGE (ch. 3 & 9). Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Haley, J. (1973). Uncommon therapy. New York: W.W. Norton.
Haley, J. (1985). Conversations with Milton H. Erickson, M.D. (Vols. 1-3). New York: W.W. Norton.
Satir, V. (1989). Forgiving parents [Videotape]. Boulder CO: Real People Press.
Steve Andreas has been a trainer and researcher in NLP for over twenty years, and is the author/producer of a number of books, articles, videotapes, and audiotapes demonstrating NLP. He lives with his wife and three sons in the foothills of the Colorado Rockies.
THE FAMILY JOURNAL: COUNSELING AND THERAPY FOR COUPLES AND FAMILIES, Vol. 7 No. 1, January 1999 22-28 © 1999 Sage Publications, Inc.